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Ischemic Osteonecrosis of the Jaws,
The Classics
1. Black GV. A work on special dental pathology. 2nd ed. Chicago:
Medico-Dental Publ Co, 1920. (probably the first textbook description of
jawbone osteonecrosis, author called it "chronic osteitis" in
contradistinction to osteomyelitis; mentions "cavity" formation and slow
death of bone "cell by cell")

2. Box RM. Post-extraction oral sepsis. Ontario Dent J 1955: Oct/Nov:1-8.
(a rambling review of 30-years' experience with thousands of "vacuolated"
extraction sites, sometimes associated with neuralgias).

3. Bender JB, Seltzer S: Roentgenographic and direct observation of
experimental lesions in bone. J Am Dent Assoc 1961; 62:152-160, 708-716.
(description of complete lack of radiographic changes in jawbones before
and after the removal of almost all cancellous bone; warning that "normal"
radiographs may be false negatives)

4. Enlow DH. Osteocyte necrosis in normal bone. J Dent Res 1966; 45:213.
(first reference to mild, multifocal osteocyte loss as a common ischemic
phenomenon of aging; used monkey jaws)

5. Ratner EJ, Person P, Kleinman DJ. Oral pathology and trigeminal
neuralgia. I. Clinical experiences. J Dent Res 1976; 55:299. (research
abstract; the first hint in a peer-reviewed journal that surgical
curettage of the jaws can reduce or eliminate facial neuralgia-like pain)

6. Shklar G, Person P, Ratner E. Oral pathology and trigeminal neuralgia.
II. Histopathologic observations. J Dent Res 1976; 55(B):299. (research
abstract; the first microscopic description of nonsuppurative
osteomyelitis in the jaws of patients with facial neuralgia)

7. Socransky SS, Stone C, Ratner E. Oral pathology and trigeminal
neuralgia. III. Microbiologic examination. J Dent Res 1976; 55(B):300.
(research abstract; the first description of a wide variety of bacteria in
diseased marrow of patients with facial neuralgia)

8. Adler E. Neural focal dentistry. Houston, Texas: Multi-Discipline
Research Foundation, 1984 (1st German ed.=1976). (first medical text to
discuss jawbone examples of osteonecrosis/osteomyelitis; unfortunately, no
biopsies were performed on the patients; unusual book)

9. Ratner EJ, Person P, Kleinman DJ. Severe arm pain associated with
pathological bone cavity of maxilla. Lancet 1978:106-107. (letter to the
editor, first peer-reviewed article to discuss referred pain from
maxillofacial osteonecrosis to distant anatomic sites)

10. Chow AW, Roser SM, Brady FA. Orofacial odontogenic infections. Ann
Inter Med 1978; 88:392-402.

11. Voll R. Interrelations of odontons and tonsils to organs, fields of
disturbance, and tissue systems. Medizinisch Literarische
Verlagsgesellschaft: Hamburg, Germany, 1978 (translation of 4th German
edition; early and detailed attempt to correlated dental and jawbone
disease, i.e. "odontons" or "interference fields" to acupuncture meridians
and, therefore, problems found outside the maxillofacial region)

12. Ratner EJ, Person P, Kleinman DJ, et al. Jawbone cavities and
trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias. Oral Surg 1979; 48:3-20. (first
peer-reviewed research paper to associate maxillofacial osteonecrosis with
facial neuralgic pain, one of the two papers which started the current
enhanced interest in osteonecrosis of the jaws)
13. Roberts AM, Person P. Etiology and treatment of idiopathic trigeminal
and atypical facial neuralgias. Oral Surg 1979; 48:298-308. (second
peer-reviewed research paper, published only 2 months after the Ratner et
al, to associate maxillofacial osteonecrosis with facial neuralgic pain,
one of the two papers which started the current enhanced interest in
osteonecrosis of the jaws)
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Maxillofacial Osteonecrosis,
Contemporary Textbooks & Theses
(Excludes osteoradionecrosis references; Click on underlined author to get
more detail)
NOTE: See "Classics" section for books prior to 1980.



1. Raskin NH. Headache, 2nd ed. New York, New York: Churchill Livingstone,
1988. (suggests evaluation for jawbone cavitations in atypical facial pain
patients; this is a standard text of the headache field)

2. Byron MA. A clinicopathologic review of 2,278 NICO cases
(neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis). Master's Thesis
(Endodontics). Morgantown, West Virginia: West Virginia University, 1994.

3. Ingle JI, Bakland LK. Endodontics, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams &
Wilkins, 1994: 581-582. (detailed review of jawbone osteonecrosis from the
endodontic perspective; this appears to be the second most popular
endodontic text in the U.S. )

4. Langlais RP, Langland OE, Nortje CJ. Diagnostic imaging of the jaws.
Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1994:393-395. (radiographic features of
osteonecrosis of the jaws, in the latest version of the "bible" of oral
radiology)

5. Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Bouquot J. Oral and Maxillofacial
Pathology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995:631-632. (detailed review of
jawbone osteonecrosis in facial pain patients; this is one of the two
standard oral pathology textbooks)

6. Hardin JF (editor). Clark's Clinical Dentistry, revised edition, vol 1.
St. Louis; Mosby, 1996. (brief mention to check for "cavitations" if the
evaluation of standard causes of facial pain doesn't give an answer)

7. Nicol K, Klingman J, Holt J, et al. Ultrasonic gum/jaw bone detection
instrument. Thesis. Socorro, New Mexico: New Mexico Institute of Mining &
Technology, 1996. (evaluation of efficacy and safety of using ultrasound
to identify osteonecrosis cavitations in pig jawbones)

8. Sapp JP, Eversole LR, Wysocki GP. Contemporary oral and maxillofacial
pathology. St. Louis: Mosby, 1997. (references NICO histopathology paper
for its chronic osteomyelitis review)

9. Glueck CJ, Freiberg R, Gruppo R. Thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis:
reversible pathogenetic etiologies of osteonecrosis. In: Urbaniak JR,
Jones, JP Jr (editors). Osteonecrosis: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; Chicago, Illinois; 1997:105-110.
(detailed description of the coagulation disorders found in a majority of
patients with osteonecrosis of the hips, knees & jaws)

10. Cohen S, Burns RC. Pathways of the pulp, 7th ed. St. Louis: Mosby,
1997: 58. (one-paragraph review of NICO in facial pain patients; this is
today's most popular endodontic text ; NICO was also discussed in the 6th
edition, 1994)

11.Odell EW, Morgan PR. Biopsy pathology of the oral tissues. London:
Chapman & Hall, 1998: 268-270. (good histopathologic description in a text
written for medical pathologists)

12. Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Bouquot J. Patologia Oral & Maxilofacial.
Rio de Janeiro: Editora Guanabasa Koogan S.A., 1998. (Portuguese
translation of 1995 textbook)
13. Brown RS, Arm RN, Sirois D (editors). Clinician's guide to the
diagnosis and treatment of chronic orofacial pain. Baltimore, Maryland:
American Academy of Oral Medicine, 1999:4. (just a mention of NICO,
indicating that it is treated by surgery and is controversial)

14. Lechner J. Störfelder im Trigeminusbereich und Systemerkrankungen.
Kotzting, Germany: Verl für Ganzheitliche Medizin Wühr, 1999: 245-339.

15. Weigel G, Casey K. Striking Back! The trigeminal neuralgia handbook.
Barnegat Light, New Jersey: Trigeminal Neuralgia Association, 2000:44-50.
(discusses NICO as a potential cause of TN pain, recommends surgery after
appropriate evaluation)

16. Terrence CF, Jensen TS. Trigeminal neuralgia and other facial
neuralgias. In: Olesen J, Tfelt-Hansen P, Welch KMA (editors). The
headaches, 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2000:929-937. (mentions inflammatory jawbone conditions as one etiologic
factor for trigeminal neuralgia, referencing a NICO paper)

17. American Academy of Orofacial Pain. Orofacial pain -- guidelines for
assessment, diagnosis, and management, 2nd edition. Chicago, Quintessence
Publ, 2001: in press. (short chapter reviewing maxillofacial osteonecrosis
and its associated pain)
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Osteonecrosis of the Head & Neck,
Peer Reviewed Papers
(Excludes osteoradionecrosis. Includes maxillofacial osteonecrosis,
avascular necrosis of the mandibular condyle, and necrotizing otitis
externa. Click on underlined author to get more detail)
NOTE: See "Classics" section for papers prior to 1980.



1. Shaber EP, Krol AJ. Trigeminal neuralgia -- a new treatment concept.
Oral Surg 1980; 49:286-293, 1980.

2. Mathis BJ, Oatis GW, Grisius RJ. Jaw bone cavities associated with
facial pain syndromes: case reports. Milit Med 1981; 146:719-723.

3. Jiao X, Meng Q. [The influence of pathologic bone cavity of jaw bone on
the etiopathology of trigeminal neuralgia.] Acta Acad Med Sichuan 1981;
12:243-247.

4. Parisier SC, Lucente FE, Som PM, et al. Nuclear scanning in necrotizing
progressive "malignant external otitis.: Laryngoscope 1982; 92:1016-1019.

5. Wang M, Xiwei J, Qingrong I, Sanyou Z. [A study of the relation between
the various trigger zones of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and jaw bone
cavities.] Acta Acad Med Sichuan 1982; 13:233-238.

6. Wang M, Jiao X, Meng Q, et al. [Localization method in the diagnosis of
the pathological jaw bone cavity.] Acta Acad Med Sichuan 1982; 13:341-344.

7. Mendelson DS, Som PM, Mendelson MH, Parisier SC. Malignant external
otitis: the role of computed tomography and radionuclides in evaluation.
Radiology 1983; 149:745-749

8. Grecko VE, Puzin MN. [Odontogenic trigeminal neuralgia] Zh Nevropathol
Psikhiatr 1984; 84(11):1655-1658.

9. Noyek AM, Kirsch JC, Greyson ND, et al. The clinical significance of
radionuclide bone and gallium scanning in osteomyelitis of the head and
neck. Laryngoscope 1984; 94:1-21.

10. Roberts AM, Person P, Chandran NB, Hori JM. Further observations on
dental parameters of trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias. Oral Surg
1984; 58:121-129.

11. Strashun AM, Nejatheim M, Goldsmith SJ. Malignant external otitis:
early scintigraphic detection. Radiology 1984; 150:541-545.

12. Balm AJM, Tiwari RM, deRijcke TBM. Osteomyelitis in the head and neck.
J Laryngol Otol 1985; 99:1059-1065.

13. Strauss M, Kaufman RA, Baum S. Osteomyelitis of the head and neck:
sequential radionuclide scanning in diagnosis and therapy. Laryngoscope
1985; 95:81-84.

14. Gherini SG, Brackmann DE, Bradley WG. Magnetic resonance imaging and
computerized tomography in malignant external otitis. Laryngoscope 1986;
96:542-548.

15. Ratner EJ, Langer B, Evins ML. Alveolar cavitational osteopathosis --
manifestations of an infectious process and its implication in the
causation of chronic pain. J Periodontol 1986; 57:593-603.

16. Rubin J, Yu VL. Malignant external otitis: insights into pathogenesis,
clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapy. Am J Med 1988;
85:391-398.

17. Benecke JE Jr. Management of osteomyelitis of the skull base.
Laryngoscope 1989; 99:1220-1223.

18. Chandler JF. Malignant external otitis and osteomyelitis of the base
of the skull. Am J Otol 1989; 10:108-110.

19. Lanigan DT, Hey JH, West RA. Aseptic necrosis following maxillary
osteotomies: report of 36 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990; 48:142-156.

20. Rubin J, Curtin HD, Yu VL, Kamerer DB. Malignant external otitis:
utility of CT in diagnosis and follow-up. Radiology 1990; 174:391-394.

21. Segall RO, Del Rio CE. Cavitational bone defect: a diagnostic
challenge. J Endo 1991; 17:396-400.

22. Uri N, Gips S, Front A, Meyer SW, et al. Quantitative bone and 67Ga
scintigraphy in the differentiation of necrotizing external otitis from
severe external otitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head neck Surg 1991; 117:623-626.

23. Bouquot JE, Roberts AM, Person P, Christian J. NICO
(neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis): osteomyelitis in 224
jawbone samples from patients with facial neuralgias. Oral Surg Oral Med
Oral Pathol 1992; 73:307-319.

24. Epstein JS, Ganz WI, Lizak M, Grobman L, et al. Indium-111-labeled
leukocyte scintigraphy in evaluating head and neck infections. Ann Otol
Rhinol Laryngol 1992; 101:961-968.

25. Malone DG, O'Boynick PL, Ziegler DK, et al. Osteomyelitis of the skull
base. Neurosurgery 1992; 30:426-431.

26. McMahon RE, Adams W, Spolnik K. Diagnostic anesthesia for referred
trigeminal pain, Part I. Compendium Cont Educ Dent 1992; 11:870-881.

27. McMahon RE, Adams W, Spolnik K. Diagnostic anesthesia for referred
trigeminal pain, Part II. Compendium Cont Educ Dent 1992; 11: 980-997.

28. O'Mara, RE. Scintigraphy of the facial skeleton. Oral Maxillofac Surg
Clin N Amer 1992; 4:51-___.

29. Chuong R, Piper MA. Avascular necrosis of the mandibular condyle:
pathogenesis and concepts of management. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol
1993; 75:428-432.

30. Hasso AN, Brown KD. Use of gadolinium chelate in MR imaging of lesions
of the extracranial head and neck. J Magn Reson Imaging 1993; 3:247-263.

31. Shankland WE. Osteocavitational lesions (Ratner bone cavities):
frequently misdiagnosed as trigeminal neuralgia-a case report. J
Craniomand Pract 1993; 11:232-234.

32. Hardoff R, Gips S, Uri N, Front A, Tamir A. Semiquantitative skull
planar and SPECT bone scintigraphy in diabetic patients: differentiation
of necrotizing (malignant) external otitis from severe external otitis. J
Nucl Med 1994; 35:411-415.

33. Mandel ID. Dental quackery: a retrospective view. J Amer Dent Assoc
1994; 125:153-160.

34. Readleaf MI, Angeli SI, McCabe BF. Indium 111-labeled white blood cell
scintigraphy as an unreliable indicator of malignant external otitis
resolution. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1994; 103:444-448.

35. Wormald PJ. Surgical management of benign necrotizing otitis externa.
J Laryngol Otol 1994; 108:101-105.

36. Bouquot JE, Christian J. Long-term effects of jawbone curettage on the
pain of facial neuralgia; treatment results in neuralgia-inducing
cavitational osteonecrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995; 53:387-397.

37. Brown RS, Hinderstein B, Reynolds DC, et al. Using anesthetic
localization to diagnose oral and dental pain. JADA 1995; 126: 633-641.

38. Chuong R, Piper MA, Boland TJ. Osteonecrosis of the mandibular
condyle, pathophysiology and core decompression. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995; 79:539-545.

39. McMahon RE, Griep J, Marfurt CP, et al. Local anesthetic effects in
the presence of chronic osteomyelitis/necrosis of the mandible:
implications for localizing the etiologic sites of referred trigeminal
pain. J Craniomand Pract 1995; 13:212-226.

40. Seabold JE, Simonson TM, Weber PC, et al. Cranial osteomyelitis:
diagnosis and follow-up with In-111 white blood cell and Tc-99m methylene
diphosphonate bone SPECT, CT, and MR imaging. Radiology 1995; 196:779-788.

41. Shankland WE. Craniofacial pain syndromes that mimic temporomandibular
joint disorders. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1995; 24:104-106.

42. Brown CR. Pain management: NICO. Pract Perio Aesth Dent 1996; 8:916.

43. Damm DD, Fantasia JE. Recurrent severe mandibular pain. Gen Dent 1996;
Mar/Apr:120,171.

44. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, et al. Thrombophilia,
hypofibrinolysis and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Pathol 1996; 81:557-566.

45. Gruppo R, Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, et al. The pathophysiology of
osteonecrosis of the jaw: anticardiolipin antibodies, thrombophilia, and
hypofibrinolysis. J Lab Clin Med 1996; 127:481-488.

46. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, et al. Heterozygosity for the
Leiden mutation V gene, a common pathoetiology for osteonecrosis of the
jaw with thrombophilia augmented by exogenous estrogens. J Lab Clin Med
1997; 130:540-543.

47. Glueck CJ, McMahon R, Bouquot J, et al. A preliminary pilot study of
treatment of thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis and amelioration of the
pain of osteonecrosis of the jaws. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral
Radiol Endod 1998; 85:64-73.

48. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, Triplett D. Exogenous estrogens may
exacerbate thrombophilia, impair bone healing and contribute to
development of chronic facial pain. J Craniomand Pract 1998; 16:143-153.

49. Adams WR, Spolnik KJ, Bouquot JE. Maxillofacial osteonecrosis in a
patient with multiple facial pains. J Oral Pathol Med 1999, 28:423-432.

50. Bouquot JE, LaMarche MG. Ischemic osteonecrosis under fixed partial
denture pontics: radiographic and microscopic features in 38 patients with
chronic pain. J Pros Dent 1999; 81:148-158.

51. Larheim TA, Westesson P-L, Hicks D, Eriksson L, et al. Osteonecrosis
of the temporomandibular joint: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging
and histology. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 57:888-898.

52. Sano T, Westesson P-L, Larheim TA, Rubin SJ, et al. Osteoarthritis and
abnormal bone marrow of the mandibular condyle. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999; 87:243-252.

53. DuPont JD. Unhealed extraction sites mimicking TMJ pain. Gen Dent
2000; 48:82-85.

54. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Neuropathic pain in maxillofacial
osteonecrosis (NICO). J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 58:in press.

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Maxillofacial Osteonecrosis
Published Abstracts, Letters, Etc.
(Excludes osteoradionecrosis references; Click on underlined author to get
more detail)

NOTE: See "Classics" section for articles prior to 1980.



1. Demerath RR, Sist T. Treatment of osteocavitation lesions in facial
pain patients: preliminary results. J Dent Res 1982; 61:218. (research
abstract)

2. Raskin NH: Atypical facial pain. Proceedings of Annual Meeting,
American Association for the Study of Headache; Quebec, Canada, June,
1987. (research abstract)

3. Bouquot JE, Roberts AM, Person, P, Christian J. The histopathology of
neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis (NICO). J Dent Res 1989;
68:952. (research abstract)

4. Bouquot J, Christian J. Long-term effects of jawbone curettage on the
pain of facial neuralgia; treatment results in neuralgia-inducing
cavitational osteonecrosis. Oral Surg 1991; 72:582. (research abstract)

5. McMahon RE, Griep J, Marfurt CP. Local anesthetic effects in the
presence of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible. J Orofacial Pain 1992;
7:116. (research abstract)

6. McMahon RE, Griep J, Marfurt CP. Local anesthetic effects in the
presence of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible. Anesth Prog 1991;
38:189. (research abstract)

7. Donlon WC. Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis. Oral Surg
1992; 73:319-320. (invited commentary)

8. Bouquot JE. More on neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
(NICO). Oral Surg 1992; 74:348-350. (response to Donlon commentary)

9. Bouquot J, Roberts A. NICO (neuralgia-inducing cavitational
osteonecrosis): radiographic appearance of the "invisible" osteomyelitis.
Oral Surg 1992; 74:600. (research abstract)

10. McMahon R, Bouquot J. Corticosteroid use and jawbone osteonecrosis. J
Facial Pain, 1993. (research abstract)

11. Bouquot J. In review of NICO (neuralgia-inducing cavitational
osteonecrosis), the invisible "osteomyelitis" of the jaws. Proceedings of
Parker Mahan International Conference on Facial Pain. Pantke Institute,
Gainesville, Florida; April, 1994. (invited review)

12. Bouquot JE. Ischemia and infarction of the jaws - the "phantom" pain
of NICO. J Craniomand Pract 1994; 12:138-139. (invited guest editorial)

13. McMahon R, Bouquot J, Mahan P, Gremillion H. Elevated serum peripheral
nerve anti-myelin antibody titers in atypical facial pain patients with
NICO. J Orofacial Pain 1994; 8:104. (research abstract)

14. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, Stroop D, Tracy T, Freiberg R, Wang
Y, Rabinovich B. The pathophysiology of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the
jaws: thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis. Proceedings of Annual Meeting,
American Association of Physiology; May, 1995. (research abstract)

15. Bouquot JE, Byron M. Ischemic osteonecrosis of the jaws --
histopathology of 2,867 samples from patients with facial pain.
Proceedings of Annual Meeting, American Academy of Oral & Maxillofacial
Pathology; Colorado Springs; May, 1995. (research abstract)

16. Bouquot J, McMahon R, Glueck C. Risk factors in 'idiopathic'
osteonecrosis of the jaws: seven of ten NICO patients have hereditary
clotting disorders. Proceedings of Annual Meeting, American Academy of
Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology; Colorado Springs, Colorado; May, 1995.
(research abstract)

17. Bouquot J, Adams W, Spolnik K, McMahon R. G.V. Black's forgotten
disease; a necropsy report of ischemic osteonecrosis of the jaws.
Proceedings of Annual Meeting, American Academy of Oral & Maxillofacial
Pathology; Colorado Springs, Colorado; May, 1995. (research abstract)

18. Donlon WC: Discussion. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 1995; 53:397-398.
(invited commentary)

19. Sciubba JJ: Discussion. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 1995; 53:398-399.
(invited commentary)

20. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, Rabinovich B. Hypofibrinolysis and
thrombophilia, pathophysiologic etiologies of osteonecrosis of the jaws
and atypical facial neuralgia. J Orofacial Pain, 1995; 9:103. (research
abstract)

21. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, Stroop D, Trent T, Freiberg R, Wang
S. Resistance to activated protein C, estrogens, and osteonecrosis of the
jaws. J Invest Med 1995; 43 (suppl): 234A. (research abstract)

22. Glueck CJ, Gruppo R, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, Stroop D, Becker A, Tracy
T, Wang P. Anticardiolipin antibodies and osteonecrosis of the jaws. J
Invest Med 1995; 43 (suppl 3): 459A. (research abstract)

23. Gruppo R, Glueck C, McMahon R, Bouquot J. Anticardiolipin antibodies,
thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis in Neuralgia-Inducing Cavitational
Osteonecrosis of jaw. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995; 53(suppl): 84-85.
(research abstract)

24. McMahon R, Glueck C, Bouquot J, Rabinovich B. Protein C disorders are
risk factors for alveolar osteonecrosis and chronic facial pain. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 1995; 53(suppl): 169-170. (research abstract)

25. Stewart J: RIIB (Residual Infection In Bone) Project syllabus.
Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University, 1985. (research protocol for
extended microbiology, histopathology, surgical therapy research)

26. Bouquot J, McMahon R. Ischemic osteonecrosis of the jaws in 2,023
patients with facial pain. J Oral Pathol Med 1996; 25:271. (research
abstract)

27. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic osteonecrosis in facial pain
syndromes. TMDiary 1996; 8:32-39. (invited review in the News Journal of
the American Academy of Head, Neck and Facial Pain)

28. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic osteonecrosis in facial pain
syndromes. Part I: A review of NICO (neuralgia-inducing cavitational
osteonecrosis) based on experience with more than 2,000 patients. Edition
5.3 Morgantown, West Virginia, The Maxillofacial Center; 1996; 1-19.
(handout)

29. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot J, Tracy T, Seive-Smith L, Wang P.
Treatment of thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis ameliorates osteonecrosis
of the jaws. J Investig Med 1996; 44:375. (research abstract)

30. Hammerschmidt DE. Thrombophilia: taking it on the jaw. J Lab Clin Med
1996; 127:411-412. (editorial)

31. American Academy of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology. Ischemic
osteonecrosis consistent with neuralgia-inducing cavitational
osteonecrosis (NICO). Annual Continued Competency Assurance Examination.
Chicago: AAOMP, 1997. (review of clinicopathology of NICO accompanying
microscopic case as part of annual exam)

32. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic alveolar osteonecrosis in 2,023
patients with chronic facial pain. J Orofacial Pain 1997; 11:180.
(research abstract)

33. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic osteonecrosis. Oral Surg Oral Med
Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997; 84:229-230. (letter editor)

34. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic osteonecrosis of the jaws. Part II:
Histopathologic review of NICO (neuralgia-inducing cavitational
osteonecrosis), based on experience with more than 4,000 jawbone biopsy
samples. Edition 1.1. Morgantown, West Virginia, The Maxillofacial Center;
1997; 1-22. (handout)

35. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic osteonecrosis in facial pain
syndromes. Proceedings of Annual Meeting, American Academy of Head, Neck &
Facial Pain; Boston, Massachusetts, August, 1997. (invited review)

36. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic alveolar osteonecrosis in 2,023
patients with chronic facial pain. J Orofacial Pain 1997; 11:180.
(research abstract)

37. Denucci DJ, Dionne RA, Chen CC, Meehan SC. SPECT bone scanning in the
diagnosis of chronic idiopathic jaw pain. J Dent Res. 1997;76:237.
(research abstract)

38. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE. The treatment of thrombophilia and
hypofibrinolysis ameliorates the pain of osteonecrosis of the jaws. J
Orofacial Pain 1997; 11:180. (research abstract)

39. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Triplett DA, Bouquot JE, Wang P. The mutant
Factor V Leiden gene and thrombophilic resistance to activated Protein C,
a common (24%) significant (P = .001) pathoetiology of osteonecrosis of
the jaws with chronic facial pain. J Orofacial Pain 1997; 11:179.
(research abstract)

40. Haley B. Characterization and identification of chemical toxicants
isolated from cavitational material and infected root canaled teeth: in
situ testing of teeth for toxicity and infection. Proceedings of Annual
Meeting, International Academy of Oral Medicine & Toxicology; San Diego,
California; April, 1997. (invited research summary)

41. Hammerschmidt DE. Thrombophilic osteonecrosis: another chapter. J Lab
Clin Med 1997; 130:451-452. (editorial)

42. McMahon RE, Glueck CJ, Bouquot JE, Rabinovich B. Protein C Disorders
are risk factors for alveolar osteonecrosis and chronic facial pain. J
Orofacial Pain 1997; 11:179. (research abstract)

43. McMahon RE, Glueck CJ, Bouquot JE, Triplett. The prevalence of factor
V Leiden and methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutations
in 87 patients with osteonecrosis of the jaws and chronic facial pain. J
Orofacial Pain 1997; 11:179-180. (research abstract)

44. Freedman P, Reich, Steinlauf. NICO and anticoagulation therapy. Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998, in press. (letter to the
editor)

45. Glueck CJ. NICO and anticoagulation therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998, in press. (response to Freedman's letter to
the editor)

46.McMahon R, Bouquot J, Mahan P, Saxen M. Elevated anti-myelin antibodies
in patients with maxillofacial osteonecrosis (NICO). J Oral Pathol Med
1998; 27:345-346. (research abstract)

47. Bouquot J, McMahon R. Bone marrow edema syndrome, new disease or early
presentation of ischemic osteonecrosis? J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27:346.
(research abstract)

48. Bouquot J. Clinicopathology of NICO. Syllabus, 33rd annual meeting,
American Academy of Environmental Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland; 1998.
(invited review)
49. Elkins WE. Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis: a case
presentation. Oklahoma Dent J 1999; Spring:26-28.
50. Anderson Q. Osteonecrosis of the temporomandibular joint: correlation
of magnetic resonance imaging and histology. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999;
57:899. (invited and very negative commentary to paper by Larheim TA, et
al)

51. Bouquot J, McMahon R. Bone marrow edema syndrome, independent disease
or early presentation of ischemic osteonecrosis? Proceedings, Annual
meeting, American Academy of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology; May, 2000;
Williamsburg, Virginia. (research abstract)

54. Bouquot J, McMahon R. The hollow tuberosity - clinicopathologic review
of 1057 biopsied cases. J Oral Pathol Med 2000; in press. (research
abstract)

55. Bouquot J, Wrobleski G, Fenton S. The most common osteonecrosis?
Prevalence of maxillofacial osteonecrosis (MFO). J Oral Pathol Med 2000;
in press. (research abstract)

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Osteonecrosis Below the Clavicles
Table of Contents


Click on reference type for more detail. Type of Reference Comment
The Classics Historical papers & texts pertaining to
osteonecrosis of hip, etc., before 1980
Textbooks Textbooks & theses which refer to
osteonecrosis of the hip & other bones
Research Papers Selected peer reviewed papers published
in medical journals, after 1980


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Ischemic Osteonecrosis Below the Clavicles,
The Classics
NOTE: See "Classics" section for articles prior to 1980.



1. Phemister, DB. Repair of bone in the presence of aseptic necrosis
resulting from fractures, transplantations, and vascular obstruction. J
Bone Joint Surg 1930; 769-778. (first use of the word "cavitation" in a
bone disease; first true understanding of the disease as a blood flow
problem instead of infection)

2. Goff CW. Legg-Calve-Perthes syndrome and related osteochondroses of
youth. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1954. (first textbook
review of osteonecrosis of the hip in young persons)

3. Beckman EL, Elliott DH (editors). Dysbarism-related osteonecrosis,
proceedings of a symposium on dysbaric osteonecrosis. Washington DC: U.S.
Dept Health Educ Welfare, 1974:117-132. (first textbook to deal
exclusively with animal and human aspects of pressure-change induced
osteonecrosis)

4. Aegerter E, Kirkpatrick JA. Orthopedic diseases; physiology, pathology,
radiology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1975. (first detailed
review of hip osteonecrosis in a standard orthopedic text)

5. McCallum R. Dysbaric osteonecrosis: aseptic necrosis of bone. In:
Bennett PB, Elliott DH (editors). The physiology and medicine of diving
and compressed air work. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1975:504-521.
(good review of an occupation-induced osteonecrosis)

6. Davidson JK. Aseptic necrosis of bone. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:
Excerpta Medica, 1976. (First English-language textbook pertaining to
ischemic osteonecrosis of the non-disbaric type)
7. Ficat RP, Arlet J. Ischemia and necrosis of bone. Baltimore: Williams &
Wilkins, 1980. (translated from the 1977 text, Ischemie et necrose
osseuses, this is the standard which opened up the field of modern
research into osteonecrosis of the hip)

8. Katz JF (editor). Symposium: Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop
Rel Res 1980; 150:2-124. (review of research papers from symposium of
osteonecrosis in young people)

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Osteonecrosis Below the Clavicles
Contemporary Textbooks & Theses
1. Bennington JL. Surgical pathology of bone marrow--core biopsy
diagnosis. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1985.

2. Griffiths ID. Osteonecrosis. In: Scott JT (editor). Copeman's textbook
of the rheumatic diseases, 6th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1986:
1207-1228.

3. Jones JP Jr. Osteonecrosis. In: McCarty D (editor). Arthritis and
allied conditions: a textbook of rheumatology, 11th ed. Philadelphia, Lea
& Febiger, 1989, pp 1545-1562. (good general review by an internationally
recognized expert)

4. Arlet J, Mazieres B (editors). Bone circulation and bone necrosis.
Proceedings of the IVth International Symposium on Bone Circulation,
Toulouse (France), 17th-19th September, 1987. New York: Springer-Verlag,
1990. (the definitive work to date; this book sets the standards)

5. Hungerford DS. Diagnosis and treatment of ischemic necrosis of the
femoral head. In: Mc Evarts C (editor). Surgery of the musculoskeletal
system, 2nd edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990: vol 3:
2757-2794.

6. Ono K (editor). Symposium: recent advances in avascular osteonecrosis.
Clin Orthopaedics Related Res 277:2-138, 1992. (summary of research papers
of the Second International Symposium on Osteonecrosis)

7. Schoutens A, Arlet J, Gardeniers JWM, Hughes SPF. Bone circulation and
vascularization in normal and pathological conditions. New York, New York:
Plenum Press, 1993.

8. Steinberg ME, Steinberg DR. Osteonecrosis. In: Kelly WN, Harris ED Jr,
Ruddy S, Sledge CB (editors). Textbook of rheumatology, 4th ed.
Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1993:1628-1650.

9. Mazieres B. Osteonecrosis. In: Klippel JH, Dieppe PA (editors).
Rheumatology. St. Louis: Mosby; 1994:41.1-41.8.

10. Sweet DE, Madewell JE. Osteonecrosis: pathogenesis. In: Resnick D
(editor). Diagnosis of bone and joint disorders, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.
B. Saunders, 1995: 3445-3494. (detailed review in the encyclopedic
radiology text, doesn't touch much on more mild involvement or
pathophysiology)

11. Rywlin AM. Histopathology of the bone marrow. Boston: Little, Brown &
Co., 1996:153-190.

12. Strauchen, JA. Diagnostic histopathology of the bone marrow. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1996.

13. Bullough, PG. Orthopaedic pathology. 3rd edition. Baltimore:
Mosby-Wolfe, 1997. (today's best reference on the histopathology of
osteonecrosis and related entities of bone)

14. Jones JP Jr. Osteonecrosis. In: Koopman WJ (ed). Arthritis and allied
conditions; a textbook of rheumatology, 13th edition. Baltimore: Williams
& Wilkins, 1997:1923-1942. (good general review by an internationally
recognized expert, one of the first to recognize potential coagulopathies
in osteonecrosis)

15. Urbaniak JR, Jones, JP Jr (eds). Osteonecrosis -- etiology, diagnosis,
and treatment. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; Chicago,
Illinois, 1997. (summary of a 1996 international symposium)

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Osteonecrosis Below the Clavicles,
Peer Reviewed Papers
Note: Still working on this list.

Zemansky AP. Am J Surg 1928; 4:169-____.

Kiraly JF III, Wheby MS. Bone marrow necrosis. Am J Med 1976; 60: 361-368.

Conrad ME, Carpenter JT. Bone marrow necrosis. Am J Hematol 1979;
7:181-189.

Norgard MJ, Carpenter JT, Conrad ME. Bone marrow necrosis and
degeneration. Ann Intern Med 1979; 139:905-911.

Ficat RP. Idiopathic bone necrosis of the femoral head: early diagnosis
and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1985; 67:3-9.

Mankin HJ. Nontraumatic necrosis of bone (osteonecrosis). New Eng J Med
1992; 326 (22):1473-1479.

Ono K (editor). Symposium: recent advances in avascular necrosis. Clin
Orthopaedics Related Res 1992; 277:2-138.

Chang CC, Greenspan A, Gershwin ME. Osteonecrosis: current perspectives on
pathogenesis and treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1993; 23:47-69.

Simkin PA, Gardner GC. Osteonecrosis: pathogenesis and practicalities.
Hosp Pract Off Ed 1994; 29:73-78,81-84.

Griffiths ID. Osteonecrosis. In: Scott JT (ed). Copeman's textbook of the
rheumatic diseases, 6th ed. London, Churchill Livingstone, 1986, pp
1207-1228.

Kenzora JE, Glimcher MR. Accumulative cell stress: the multifactorial
etiology of idiopathic osteonecrosis. Orthop Clin N Amer 1985; 16:669-676.

Axhausen G. Kinische und histologishe Beitrage zur Kenntnes der juvenilen
Arthritis deformans doxae. Charite Ann 1909; 33:414-422.

Kiraly JF III, Wheby MS. Bone marrow necrosis. Am J Med 1976; 60: 361-368.

Norgard MJ, Carpenter JT, Conrad ME. Bone marrow necrosis and
degeneration. Ann Intern Med 1979; 139:905-911.

Glimcher MJ, Kenzara JE. The biology of the human femoral head and its
clinical implications. II. The pathological changes in the femoral head as
an organ and in the hip joint. Clin Orthop 1979; 139:283-312.

Glimcher MJ, Kenzara JE. The biology of the human femoral head and its
clinical implications. III. Discussion of the etiology and genesis of the
pathological sequelae; comments on treatment. Clin Orthop 1979;
139:283-312.

Ficat RP, Arlet J. Ischemia and necrosis of bone. Baltimore, Williams &
Wilkins, 1980. Translated from the 1977 text, Ischemie et necrose
osseuses.

Bennington JL. Surgical pathology of bone marrow--core biopsy diagnosis.
Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1985.

Herbert TJ, Lanzetta M. Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the scaphoid. J
Hand Surg Br 1994; 19:174-182.

Fritz CF, Rupp S, Remberger K. Die Knochenneskrose der Crista iliaca.
Beschreibung einer bisher nicht gesicherten-Lokalisation. Z Orthop Ihre
Grenzgeb 1994; 132:136-139.

Bruns J, Klima H. Osteochondrosis desiccans genus. Ergebnisse einer
Nachuntersuchung. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1993; 131:413-319.


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